ABSTRACT
Oxidative stress(OS)is one of the factors leading to vascular cognitive impairment(VCI). Reactive oxygen species(ROS)produced by Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase(NOX)is an important pathogenic molecule of VCI.Risk factors for VCI such as hyperglycemia and decomposition/re-implantation always increases an upstream NOX activation.Other risk factors such as advanced age, hypertension and stroke are the downstream damage caused by NOX-dependent ROS.The causes of VCI include both risk factors related to NOX and the cell damage caused by NOX-dependent ROS.Studies have shown that the inhibiting of NOX activity can reduce cognitive impairment and the risk factors in animal models of VCI.In this article, we review the research progress of the role and mechanism of NOX in VCI.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD)combined with orthostatic hypotension (OH)and the impact of the condition on cognitive function.Methods:A total of 210 PD patients admitted to Beijing Tiantan Hospital were consecutively enrolled.Demographic data and clinical characteristics were recorded.Patients were divided into the PD with OH (PD-OH)group and the PD without OH (PD-NOH)group based on blood pressure values measured in both the supine and upright positions.Cognitive function of PD patients was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)scales.Results:Of 210 PD patients, 68 (32.4%)had OH.Patients in the PD-OH group had a higher mean age (69.7±8.9 years vs.62.1±11.3 years), longer disease duration [5.0 (3.0-8.0)years vs.4.0 (2.0-6.0)years], a higher incidence of diabetes (30.9% vs.17.4%), higher levels of fasting blood glucose (5.3±1.1 mmol/L vs.5.0±1.0 mmol/L)and glycated hemoglobin A1c (6.1±0.9% vs.5.7±0.7%), and more advanced Hoehn-Yahr staging [stage 2.5 (2.0-3.0) vs.stage 2.0 (1.5-2.5)]than the PD-NOH group ( P<0.05). The total scores of the MMSE and MoCA scales were lower in the PD-OH group than in the PD-NOH group (25.1±4.9 scores vs.26.8±4.0 scores, 19.4±5.4 scores vs.21.4±5.3 scores, P<0.05). A comparison of each cognitive domain of the MMSE scale between the two groups revealed that the scores of attention and calculation (3.7±1.7 scores vs.4.2±1.3 scores), delayed recall (2.1±1.0 scores vs.2.5±0.8 scores)and visuospatial ability (0.6±0.5 scores vs.0.7±0.5 scores)were lower in the PD-OH group than in the PD-NOH group ( P<0.05). A comparison of each cognitive domain of the MoCA scale between the two groups displayed that the scores of visuospatial and executive function (2.4±1.6 scores vs.2.9±1.7 scores)and delayed recall (1.3±1.4 scores vs.2.3±1.6 scores)were lower in the PD-OH group than in the PD-NOH group ( P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that age ( OR=1.061, 95% CI: 1.022-1.102, P=0.002)and score of delayed recall of the MoCA scale ( OR=0.690, 95% CI: 0.498-0.955, P=0.025)were independent related factors for PD-OH. Conclusions:Compared with patients without OH, PD-OH patients are older and have a longer duration, increased disease severity, and a higher incidence of and more serious diabetes mellitus.Age is an independent related factor for PD-OH.Cognitive function is significantly impaired in PD-OH patients, and delayed recall is an independent related factor for PD-OH.
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BACKGROUND:It is very nscessary for the prevention and treatment of ostaoarthritis(OA)to understand the tensile mechanical properties of lateral collateral ligaments(LCLs)of knee joints with osteoarthritis,while reports on it are still few.OBJECTIVE:To compare the LCL tensile mechanical property indexes of knee joints between normal animals and OA medels established for this purpose,and to provide qualitative and quantitative referential data about effects of OA on the LCL tensile mechanical properties of animal knee joints.DESlGN,TIME AND SETTING:A randomized controlled trial was finished at the Mechanical Expedmental Center of Jilin University from December 20th to 30th in 2008.MATERIALS:A total of 20 male SD rats of 6 months old were divided into a normal control group and a model group,with 10ones in each group.METHOOS:Rats in the model group were copied into OA models.after which test on tensile was performed to each of the ten rats in the two groups at the speed of 5mm/min on Universal Testing Machine,Shimadzu.Data obtained from the test were processed in polynomial though least square method.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Tensile maximum load.maximum displacement,maximum stress,maximum strain and stress-strain curves.RESULTS:The tensile maximum load,maximum stress,maximum displacement and maximum strain in the normal control group and the model group were(12.754±2.795)N,(27.681±5.832)MPa,(2.754±0.707)mm,(11.679±2.373)%and (7.183±1.817)N,(16.162±3.403)MPa,(1.827±0.768)mm,(8.019±2.811)% respectively,from which we could see that each index in the normal control group was greater than that in the model group obviously (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:The tensile maximum load,maximum stress,maximum displacement and maximum strain all decreased after OA,which indicates that osteoarthritis has certain effects on tensile mechanical properties of LCLs of knee joints as well as stress relaxation.
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Objective:To study the effects of pulse electro-magnetic fields (PEMFs) on the healing of tibial condylar osteochondral in rabbits.Methods:Sixteen rabbits were divided into two groups,and osteochondral fractures of left tibia condyle were created,internal fixation was performed with steel wire.Group 1 was constantly treated with PEMFs six hours per day;group 2 was not treated.The results were studied by gross morphology,light microscopy and elect ro-microscopy.Results:75% and 13% fractures were repaired by hyalin-like cartilage in group 1 and in group 2 respectively.Conclusion:PEMFs are essential to facilitation of the cartilage repair.